Endnotes
1. Nancy H. Barry, Jack A. Taylor, and Kimberly C. Walls, The Role of the Fine and Performing Arts in High School Dropout Prevention (Tallahasse, FL: Florida State University, Center for Music Research, 1990).
http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED354168.pdf
2. Heather J. Clawson and Kathleen Coolbaugh, “National Evaluation of the YouthARTS Development Project.”
Juvenile Justice Bulletin (May 2001), U.S. Department of Justice, The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. http://www.ncjrs.org/html/ojjdp/2001_5_2/page1.html
3. For the purposes of this analysis, schools were divided into three roughly equal tiers (low, middle, high) corresponding to school graduation rates. For the 2006–07 school year the low tier was defined as schools with a 58 percent or below graduation rate; the middle tier was defined as schools with a graduation rate greater than 59 percent but less than or equal to 73 percent; the high tier was defined as having greater than a 73 percent graduation rate. There were 65 schools in the low graduation rate tier; 61 in the middle graduation rate tier; and 63 in the high graduation rate tier. For the 2007–08 school year the low tier was defined as 60 percent or below; the middle tier as greater than 60 percent but less than or equal to 77 percent; and the high tier as greater than 77 percent. There were 79 schools in the low tier; 80 in the middle tier; and 80 in the high tier for 2007–08.
4. New York City Department of Education, Annual Arts in Schools Reports for the 2006–07 and 2007–08 school years.
http://schools.nyc.gov/offices/teachlearn/arts/artsinschoolsreport.html
5. John M. Bridgeland, John J. DiIulio Jr., and Karen Burke Morison, The Silent Epidemic: Perspectives of High School Dropouts (Washington, DC: Civic Enterprises, 2006), 3–10.
http://www.ignitelearning.com/pdf/TheSilentEpidemic3-06FINAL.pdf
6. Eddy Ramirez, “U.S. Aims to Tackle Inflated Graduation Rates,” U.S. News & World Report, April 2, 2008.
http://www.usnews.com/articles/education/k-12/2008/04/02/us-aims-to-tackle-inflated-graduation-rates.html
7. Christopher B. Swanson, Who Graduates? Who Doesn’t? A Statistical Portrait of Public High School Graduation, Class of 2001 (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 2004). http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/410934_WhoGraduates.pdf
8. New York State Education Department, Graduation Rates: Students Who Started 9th Grade In 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004: Supplemental Packet (Albany: Author, 2009).
http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/irts/cohort/2009/Grad-Rates07-08additionalslides.pdf
9. See note 5 above.
10. It is estimated that graduation rates in New York City would be substantially lower if discharges were included in the calculation; Jennifer L. Jennings and Leonie Haimson, High School Discharges Revisited: Trends in New York City’s Discharge Rates, 2000–2007(New York: Class Size Matters, 2009). http://www.classsizematters.org/High_School_Discharge_Report_FINAL.pdf
11. Community Service Society of New York, “Disconnected Youth Initiatives” [webpage].
http://www.cssny.org/advocacy/disconnected_youth/
12. See note 1 above; United States Senate, H. Con. Resolution 266. 106th Congress, 2nd Session, June 14, 2000.
http://ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/bills/106/hc266rfs.txt.pdf
13. Christopher B. Swanson, Cities in Crisis 2009: Closing the Education Gap (Bethesda, MD: Education Research Center, 2009).
http://www.americaspromise.org/Our-Work/Dropout-Prevention/~/media/Files/Our%20Work/Dropout%20Prevention/Cities%20in%20Crisis/ Cities_In_Crisis_Report_2008.ashx
14. Alliance for Excellent Education, The High Cost of High School Dropouts: What the Nation Pays for Inadequate High Schools. Issue Brief (Washington, DC: Author, August 2009). http://www.all4ed.org/files/HighCost.pdf
15. See note 5 above.
16. Richard A. Krop, The Social Returns of Increased Investment in Education: Measuring the Effect of Education on the Cost of Social Programs (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1999).
http://www.rand.org/pu bs/rgs_dissertations/2006/RGSD138.pdf
17. See note 14.
18. U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan, correspondence to school and education community leaders (Washington, DC: Author, August 2009).
http://www.cae-nyc.org/sites/default/files/docs/Arne%20Duncan_Arts_Education_Letter.pdf
19. The Dana Foundation, Learning, Arts, and the Brain: The Dana Consortium Report on Arts and Cognition (New York/Washington, DC: Dana Press, 2008). http://www.dana.org/uploadedFiles/News_and_Publications/Special_Publications/Learning,%20Arts%20and%20the%20Brain_ArtsAndCognition_Compl.pdf
20. Mariale Hardiman, “The Arts Will Help School Accountability,” commentary on The Dana Foundation website (May 12, 2009). http://www.dana.org/news/features/detail.aspx?id=21768
21. Richard J. Deasy, ed., Critical Links: Learning in the Arts and Student Achievement and Social Development
(Washington, DC: AEP, 2002); http://www.aep-arts.org/files/publications/CriticalLinks.pdf; Edward B. Fiske, ed., Champions of Change: The Impact of the Arts on Learning (Washington, DC: President’s Committee on Arts and Humanities, 2000).
http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/champions/pdfs/ChampsReport.pdf
22. James Catterall, Richard Chapleau, and John Iwanaga, Involvement in the Arts and Human Development: General Involvement and Intensive Involvement in Music and Theatre Arts (Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles, Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, The Imagination Project, 1999). http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/champions/pdfs/Involvmt.pdf
23. James S. Catterall, “Involvement in the Arts and Success in Secondary School,” Americans for the Arts Monographs, 1(9) (1998).
http://www.americansforthearts.org/NAPD/file/9393/Involvement%20in%20the%20Arts%20and%20Success%20in%20Secondary%20School%20(%2798).pdf
24. The College Board, 2005 College-Bound Seniors: Total Group Profile Report. Taken from table reproduced in Kathryn Vaughn and Ellen Winner, “SAT Scores of Students Who Study the Arts: What We Can and Cannot Conclude About the Association,” Journal of Aesthetic Education, 34 (2000), 77–89. http://www2.bc.edu/~winner/pdf/satreap.pdf
26. Wilbrey M. McLaughlin, Community Counts: How Youth Organizations Matter for Youth Development (Washington, DC: Public Education Network, 2000). http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED442900.pdf
27. See note 2.
28. Judith H. Weitz, Coming Up Taller: Arts and Humanities Programs for Children and Youth at Risk (Washington, DC: President’s Committee for the Arts and Humanities, 1996). http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED410353.pdf
29. New York City Department of Education, Annual Arts in Schools Report 2006–2007 (New York: Author, 2008).
http://schools.nyc.gov/offices/teachlearn/arts/images/AISweb.pdf
30. New York City Department of Education, Annual Arts in Schools Report 2007–2008 (New York: Author, 2008).
http://schools.nyc.gov/offices/teachlearn/arts/Documents/AnnualArtsReport08.pdf
31. New York State Education Department, “Part 100 of the Regulations of the Commissioner of Education,” (Albany: Author, n.d.) http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/part100/pages/1002.html
32. New York State Education Department, Summary of Arts (Dance, Music, Theater, and Visual Arts) Provisions in the Part 100 of the Regulations of the Commissioner of Education (Albany: Author, 2005). http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/ciai/arts/pub/sumart.html
33. New York State Education Department, Learning Standards for New York State (Albany: Author, 1996).
http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/ciai/pub/standards.pdf
34. Office of the Public Advocate of the City of New York, Out of Tune: A Survey of NYC Students’ Access to Arts Education (New York: Author, 2008). http://pubadvocate.nyc.gov/policy/documents/ArtsEducationReport_web_.pdf
35. The New York State Education Department considers the New York City school system one school district.
36. The schools in the analysis include high schools, middle school/high schools, and 6–12 schools, where appropriate data were available.
37. As this is not a comparative analysis between the two school years, the fact that the analysis does not include all of the same schools for each school year does not present sampling issues.
38. See note 3.
39. This average is based on all schools over the two years. The 2006–07 average student population size was 1,287 and the 2007–08 average student population size was 1,044.
40. It is important to note that other categories reported in the Annual Arts in Schools Reports would be beneficial to analyze in such a manner; not all of the data collected by the DOE, however, were reported out on a school-by-school basis as were the indicators analyzed in this report. Most notable is the omission of school-by-school reporting on the funds budgeted by schools for arts education.
41. According to the Annual Arts in Schools Reports, numbers and percentages of certified arts teachers were based on two sources: the Division of Human Resources licensed arts teacher data and responses on the Annual Arts Education Survey. For purposes of this report, dance, music, theater, and visual arts teachers were added together.
42. New York State Education Department, Teacher Supply and Demand in New York State: Third Annual Report, The University of the State of New York, The Office of Higher Education (May 2008), 11. http://www.highered.nysed.gov/pdf/tsd2008final.pdf
43. Hilary R. Persky, Brent A. Sandene, and Janice M. Askew, The NAEP 1997 Arts Report Card (Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, 1999); reporting on this relationship was not included in the most recent NAEP report card released in 2009.http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=1999486
44. National Art Education Association, Design Standards for School Arts Facilities (Reston, VA: Author, 1994); Bradford L. Perkins, Building Type Basics for Elementary and Secondary Schools (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing, 2001).
45. See note 30.
46. Emily Horowitz and Leonie Haimson, How Crowded Are Our Schools? Results from a Survey of NYC Public School Principals (New York: Class Size Matters, 2008).http://www.classsizematters.org/principal_survey_report_final_4.08.pdf
47. As reported by the DOE, outside arts funding included: Parent-Teacher or Parent Associations, private foundations, local businesses, state, local, and county arts agencies, education associations, federal and state grants, City Council, in-kind donations from cultural organizations and business partners.
48. Activity categories included: participated in dance performance, participated in theater performances, contributed work to exhibition, participated in concert performance (2007–08 only), showed student-made film (2007–08 only).
49. Alliance for the Arts, Arts as an Industry: Their Economic Impact on New York City and New York State, prepared by Rosemary Scanlon and Catherine Lanier (New York: Author, December 2006). http://www.allianceforarts.org/pdfs/ArtsIndustry_2007.pdf
50. Robin Keegan, Neil Kleiman, Beth Seigel, and Michael Kane, Creative New York (New York: Center for an Urban Future, 2005). http://www.nycfuture.org/images_pdfs/pdfs/CREATIVE_NEW_YORK.pdf
51. Activity categories included: attended concerts, attended dance performances, attended theater performances, visited museums or galleries, and viewed film/media (2007–08 only).